Therapeutic oxygen delivery by perfluorocarbon-based colloids

After the protocol-related indecisive clinical trial of Oxygent, a perfluorooctylbromide/phospholipid nanoemulsion, in cardiac surgery, that often unduly assigned observed untoward effects to product, development perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based O2 nanoemulsions (“blood substitutes”) has come low. Yet, significant further demonstrations PFC O2-delivery efficacy have continuously been reported, such as relief hypoxia after myocardial infarction or stroke; protection vital organs during surgery; potentiation O2-dependent cancer therapies, including radio-, photodynamic-, chemo- and immunotherapies; regeneration damaged nerve, bone cartilage; preservation organ grafts destined for transplantation; control gas supply tissue engineering biotechnological productions. colloids capable augmenting delivery include primarily injectable nanoemulsions, microbubbles phase-shift nanoemulsions. Careful selection other colloid components is critical. The basics by will be briefly reminded. Improved knowledge mechanisms acquired. Advanced, size-adjustable O2-delivering designed extended room-temperature shelf-stability. Alternate options are being investigated rely on PFC-stabilized latter combine prolonged circulation vasculature, capacity penetrating tumor tissues, acute responsiveness ultrasound external stimuli. Progress microbubble emulsion engineering, activation (vaporization), understanding bubble/ultrasound/tissue interactions discussed. Control event size require utmost attention. Further PFC-based colloidal systems, polymeric micelles, PFC-loaded organic inorganic nanoparticles scaffolds, devised also carry substantial amounts O2. Local, on-demand can triggered stimuli, focused irradiation microenvironment. functionalization targeting help adjust their properties specific indications, augment efficacy, improve safety profiles, expand range indications. Many new medical applications involving fluorinated assessed, clinic. uses nanotherapeutics mentioned concern contrast diagnostic imaging, molecular imaging immune cell tracking; controlled therapeutic energy, noninvasive surgical ablation sonothrombolysis; drugs genes, across blood-brain barrier. Even when purposes than supply, they inevitably deliver certain amount O2, may thus considered co-delivery applications. Conversely, O2-carrying possess nature unique aptitude 19F MR hence, tracking, while ideal resonators undergo precise manipulation destruction waves, thereby opening multiple theranostic opportunities.